The aim of present study was determination of ALIMENTARY helminthic parasites of sheep Sanandaj. 100 ALIMENTARY TRACTs (from oesophagus to rectum) were examined. Oesophagus was examined with direct observation. Other parts of digestive canal were examined by washing their contents separately. The worms found in the washed contents of ALIMENTARY were collected, counted and identified microscopically after being cleaved in Lactophenol. Oesophagus, Abomasum, small and large intestine was infected with 9 species of nematodes and 2 species of cestode. The rate of helminthic infection in sheep was 38%. The number of nematodes recovered from the gastro-intestinal ranged from 1 to 650 per host. Helminthic infection was not seen in Rumen or reticulum. The results of helminthic infection relating to other parts of ALIMENTARY TRACT were seen as follows. Oesophagus: Gongilonema pulchrum(5%), Abomasum: Haemonchus contortus (1%), Marshallagia marshalli(5%), Ostertagia occidentalis (11%), O.circumcincta(2%), Small intestine: Nematodirus oiratianus(8%), Moniezia benedeni(3%) and Avitellina centripunctata (12%), Large intestine: Oesophagostomum venulosum(2%), Trichuris ovis(10%) and Skrjabinema ovis(3%). Results show the high contamination of gastrointestinal under animals is the parasitic worms.

Objective: Recognizing the morphologic and microscopic structures of some parts of the G. TRACT which have the most important absorptive role in relation with feeding and growth of the sturgeons.Design: Descriptive study.Animals: A total number of six adult Russian sturgeons freshly prepared from Caspian sea.Procedure: After removing the posterior parts of G. TRACT, they were immediately fixed in % 10 buffered formalin and transported to the laboratory. Routine procedures of histology were made and the paraffin sections of 5 micron were stained by Hematoxylin and Eosin. Results: The large or spiral intestine was characterized with particular spiral valves. They were lined with a pscudostratificd epithelium encircled by a connective tissue layer and strands of smooth muscle and some lymphatic nodules. A similar epithelium was present in spiral intestine's mucosa. In lamina propria and sub mucosa were some simple tubular and many large branched secular glands with I the same epithelium. Numerous secretory and granular cells were seen in this epithelium. Rectum had a pseudo stratified epithelium with brush borders and numerous goblet cells. The large glands of the previous parts were absent. The epithelium gradually changed into stratified squamous toward the anus at the end of the canal.Conclusion: Considering the presence of many goblet and secretary cells in the mucosal epithelium of these parts and also spiral valves, in some species it has been shown that the enzyme concentrations and protein levels in these parts were higher. So it is concluded that especially the spiral intestine to be the principal site of absorption I in sturgeons, this study also showed that, in this species due to presence of a highly complex mucosal structures, large absorptive areas have been provided, which is correspondent with tbe route of their feeding.

The common domestic pigeons (Columba livia domestica) are migratory game birds. They found in all parts of the world. There is a little investigation about helminth parasites of domestic pigeons. The aim of the present study was to show the prevalence and variety of natural helminth infestation of gastrointestinal TRACT in domestic pigeons kept in pigeon-houses around Tabriz-Iran. Seventy adult domestic pigeons, with a history of avian tubercle-like lesions on the joints, were collected and necropsied over a period of 13 months (May 2006-June 2007). Digestive system of each pigeon from esophagus to cloaca and its contents were examined. Small intestine was the only infected organ. The worms were collected, counted and identified. Small intestine was the only organ that was infected. The percentage of pigeons infected with at least one helminth species was 65.625% (37.5% nematode and 28.125% cestode). Mixed infections occurred in only 11 individuals (34.375% of infected birds). Six intestinal helminth species which were identified including, Ascaridia columbae, Capillaria obsignata, Raillietina (sp.), Raillietina magninumida, Raillietina echinobothrida, Raillietina tetragona. In this study, 44/45% of the pigeons were overally infected. The highest and lowest infection rate were that of Ascaridia columbae and Capillaria obsignata, respectively. The prevalence and variety of helminth parasitism noted in the present study is similar with other studies in North zone temperate as Turkey and east Europe. It is most likely reflected of climate similarity and proximity of these areas to western North of Iran.

Background and objective: Zoonotic parasites are a broad range of diseases Which are of great health and economic importance. The purpose of this study was to identify the Zoonotic diseases in slaughtered animals in Sanadaj slaughterhouse. Material and method: This cross sectional study was done on gastrointestinal TRACT 273 slaughtered animals including 164 sheep, 45 and 64 gastrointestinal TRACT of sheep, goats and cattle were collected, respectively, and transferred to the laboratory of Parasitology. Data analysis was done by SPSS software. Results: Results showed that the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites of sheep, goats and cattle were 29%, 38% and 8%, respectively. The prevalence of fasciola in the liver of sheep, goats and cattle were 5. 49%, 4. 4% and 25. 6%, respectively. The prevalence of dicrocelium of liver: 3. 05%, 2. 2% and 3. 1%, the prevalence of lung worms in sheep and goats were 8. 54% and 4. 4%, respectively, but there was no pulmonary infection in cattle. The prevalence of hydatic cyst in the liver of sheep, goats and cattle were 6. 25%, 2. 2%, 4. 27%, the prevalence of hydatic cyst in lung were 7. 32%, 11. 11%, 9. 37%, respectively. In this study, 19 parasite species from sheep (12 nematodes, 4 cestodes, 3 trematodes), 11 parasite species from goats (7 nematodes, 2 cestodes, 2 trematodes), 7 parasite species from cattle (3 nematodes, 1 cestode, 3 trematodes) were isolated. Conclusion: According to our results, there is a high prevalence of Zoonotic parasites in Sanandaj livestock animals. Which, in addition to imposing economic losses and health risks for the human, Increases the need for wider health measures to control diseases.

Background and objective: Zoonotic parasites are a broad range of diseases Which are of great health and economic importance. The purpose of this study was to identify the Zoonotic diseases in slaughtered animals in Sanadaj slaughterhouse. Material and method: This cross sectional study was done on gastrointestinal TRACT 273 slaughtered animals including 164 sheep, 45 and 64 gastrointestinal TRACT of sheep, goats and cattle were collected, respectively, and transferred to the laboratory of Parasitology. Data analysis was done by SPSS software. Results: Results showed that the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites of sheep, goats and cattle were 29%, 38% and 8%, respectively. The prevalence of fasciola in the liver of sheep, goats and cattle were 5. 49%, 4. 4% and 25. 6%, respectively. The prevalence of dicrocelium of liver: 3. 05%, 2. 2% and 3. 1%, the prevalence of lung worms in sheep and goats were 8. 54% and 4. 4%, respectively, but there was no pulmonary infection in cattle. The prevalence of hydatic cyst in the liver of sheep, goats and cattle were 6. 25%, 2. 2%, 4. 27%, the prevalence of hydatic cyst in lung were 7. 32%, 11. 11%, 9. 37%, respectively. In this study, 19 parasite species from sheep (12 nematodes, 4 cestodes, 3 trematodes), 11 parasite species from goats (7 nematodes, 2 cestodes, 2 trematodes), 7 parasite species from cattle (3 nematodes, 1 cestode, 3 trematodes) were isolated. Conclusion: According to our results, there is a high prevalence of Zoonotic parasites in Sanandaj livestock animals. Which, in addition to imposing economic losses and health risks for the human, Increases the need for wider health measures to control diseases

The obligation to compensate damage, as the main goal of civil responsibility, is an evident and global necessity. Nowadays, the extension of concept of damage and review of basis of obligation had led to the development of civil responsibility. However, all the consequences of harmful act have not a similar character and thinking on this matter represents the difference between the natures of cases of compensation. Therefore, it appears that distinguish between the ALIMENTARY and reparation that doer is obliged to compensate. Although civil responsibility in social transformation, has admitted the function of some other institutions, but the main goal of responsibility, is reparation and imposition of some costs on the cause of the accident make transformation in it’s compensatory role to obligatory function that is out of civil responsibility. The separation of compensatory and ALIMENTARY obligation have different outcomes that their analysis can provide the goals in civil liability, ensure the rights of the parties and social security.

Background & objectives: File fracture is one of the main concerns in root canal therapy, which can affect endodontic treatment outcomes. The present study aimed to assess the fracture rate of the Smart TRACT X3 as a new file system, in comparison with the commonly used rotary file system, during the preparation of simulated severely curved root canals. Methods: A total of  180 resin blocks with simulated severely curved canals were randomly assigned to three equal groups (n=60) including Smart TRACT X3, ProTaper Universal and Neoniti. Each set of files was used for cleaning and shaping of five canals, in total, 12 sets of files were used to prepare 60 channels in each group. All files were prepared according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The number (%) of fractures, location, length and distance of fractured segments from the apex of the block were recorded. Results: Overall 60 files of Smart TRACTX3 and ProTaper universal (5 files in a set) and 36 files of the Neoniti (3 files in a set) were used. The fracture rate did not show a statistically significant difference in between-groups comparison. All fractures occurred at the apical third of the canal with the mean length of fractured segments and the distance of fractured segments from the apex of the block 2. 228±0. 216 mm and 0. 845±0. 186 mm, respectively. Conclusion: There was no significant statistical difference among Smart TRACT X3, ProTaper Universal, and Neoniti files regarding the incidence of fracture during the preparation of five severely curved canals.

Histological study of ALIMENTARY canal of Persian sturgeon was conducted during early life from hatching to 56 days old by light microscope. Some hours after hatching, in anterior part, rudimentary eye and brain were visible, also in posterior part was completely filled with acidophil yolk. Mouth and anal were not clear. In 5-7 days after hatching all parts of the ALIMENTARY canal except stomach were roughly anatomically complete, as though in comparison with the hatching time the amount of acidophil yolk was less. At this stage, mouth was covered by stratified squamous epithelium in which several number of tast buds were visible and also rudimentary part of esophagus was squamous to pseudostratified columnar epithelium and in terminal part was columnar to ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium. In 8-9 days after hatching, the ALIMENTARY canal was structurally complete and two parts of stomach i.e. glandular stomach (cardia) and non-glandular stomach (pyloric) were more clear. The glandular stomach epithelium was simple columnar to ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium, while pyloric stomach had simple columnar to pseudostratified columnar epithelium. In 9 days after hatching, external food with a lot of yolk were visible in ALIMENTARY canal, which indicates endo-exogenous feeding. In I I-12 days after hatching a lot of external food i.e. daphnia were visible in ALIMENTARY canal .In 14 days after hatching pyloric caeca was appeared and in 40 days conical teeth was observed. In the primitive stages of life, the glycoprotein secretions belong to simple columnar cells (interior part of esophagus &some parts of intestine), while through age increase, this secretions belong to apical cells of simple columnar and also goblet cells. The beginning of active feeding of Persian sturgeon larvae was occurred in 9 to 11 days after hatching. Following the development, there was no special alternation except thickness increase of epithelium, muscular layer, connective tissue of lamina propria and increase of epithelial folds of intestine.